Saturday, November 30, 2013

Weekend Reading BONUS LINK

This is so, so, so gobsmakingly AWESOME! that I couldn't wait to post this link.

The American Alligator and tool use!  Yes, tool use!  We've seen this in many primates, a few other mammals, several bird species, the octopus and now in a reptile.  It seems to be a much more common phenomenon then anyone would have expected.

http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/tetrapod-zoology/2013/11/30/tool-use-in-crocs-and-gators/

Be sure to read to the end to see the list of some of the other amazing things we've discovered alligators doing.  They really are wicked cool animals.


Friday, November 29, 2013

Weekend Reading Nov. 29, 2013

This Thanksgiving I am thankful for the snakes that live in my yard that keep the local mouse population to a minimum.  Now if only I could coax them to winter in my attic space where we had mice a few weeks back [update on the mice: the act of crawling in to their space and plugging holes in the insulation seemed to have driven them off - no activity noticed in the past two weeks and we didn't even have to deploy the mouse traps].


This Thanksgiving show some compassion to the spineless. No, not your cousin Larry, to the invertebrates!  New Research shows that Cockroaches [yes, THOSE Cockroaches] have a complex social life and exhibit stress behaviors when isolated from friends and family.  So stuff some turkey under the fridge for your second family.

Actually don't.  Even I don't want cockroaches in my house.


Feel like all your relatives are budding psychopaths?  Especially after being stuck together in bad weather for two days!  Do a brain scan to see if your relatives are really potential serial killers!  Or not, since the data does not support the claims of James Fallon.  A good discussion of common misconceptions when interpreting scientific information.

http://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/nov/25/could-a-brain-scan-diagnose-you-as-a-psychopath

Traveling for the holidays?  Guys, like your testicles?  Hope your vaccines are up to date!

http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/image-of-the-week/2013/11/25/vaccinate-do-it-for-the-testicles/

Think evolution is a complex, hard to understand concept?  How about Sea Level?  Just remember we understand evolution better than we understand gravity (and we have more proof for evolution!).

http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com/post/68179141566/what-is-sea-level


Monday, November 25, 2013

23 and YOUR DATA

Several companies offer DNA sequencing to the home consumer.  One of the better ones is 23andme [yes, I did get my DNA tested by them].  For $99 and a vial of spit this company will tell you about your probable genetic ancestry (Neanderthal?  European?  Native American?) and genetic disease risks.

If you have a college biology background (or had a good high school biology teacher) and read the provided information carefully, then this site provides lots of good information that would be very difficult to get from your doctor's office.  For example: are you thinking you might be a carrier for a genetic disease like cystic fibrosis? If you went to your doctor's office you could get this information (and, if you're thinking of reproducing and cystic fibrosis runs in your family you SHOULD talk to your doctor about the risks before reproducing!). But at 23andme you can get results for 53 different inherited genetic disorders that you could pass on to your kids without having yourself.  Key word - COULD.

What about breast cancer risk?  Yep, you can find out if you have any of the most common genetic mutations for BRCA genes.  This is what prompted Angelina Jolie to undergo a double mastectomy.  Key word - RISK - these genetic mutations increase your risk, they don't guarantee that you'll have a problem.

The real problem comes in interpreting the medical data.  It isn't easy, unless you have a lot of specialized education (and sometimes even then!).  And this is why the FDA is getting involved.  They are wanting tighter regulation over your access to this information.  Is this a good thing?  Or a bad thing?

Most people could look at my Gallstone Risk level (which is 1.52x normal at a four star confidence rating) and understand that a 20% chance of getting gall stones also means an 80% chance I WON'T get gallstones. This fits with my family history, so I will keep this in mind and I'll avoid fasting or trying to drop weight quickly since these can trigger problems with gall stones.

But not everyone has a strong understanding of genetics and someone else might find a single gene mutation that a single, poorly done study suggests indicates an increased risk of Alzheimer's, and then they have a nervous breakdown worrying about it every time they forget where they put their keys.

File:DNA Double Helix.pngHere's a first person account of someone who found out he had a genetic mutations that causes a form of muscular dystrophy. Or so he thought. Tl;dr? Turns out he's a carrier (which means he could pass it on to a child) but there a glitch in the way the data is acquired that led 23andme to think he had the disease. He did a lot of research and found the problem himself but it did cause him a great deal of stress and worry.

And THAT is what the FDA is upset about. And rightly so.

If you get results from a company like this that say you're going to be sick (or die) you NEED to go to your own doctor for confirmation.  The company may be wrong.  False positives can and do occur and there are lots of studies out there that HINT at associations that may or may not be real.  [so why isn't the FDA going after the mammogram industry? They have an inexcusably high rate of false positives - but that's a rant for a different time]

I don't know about you but I WANT to know my risks for various genetic diseases and I believe I have that right, without having to pay a lot of money or fight with my doctor and insurance company to get the information.  I'm sure my co-pay for genetic testing would be a LOT more than the $99 I paid to 23andme.

So what is the solution?

I don't know.

Ideally we would have a better form of informed consent and everyone who participated would completely understand the risk of bad information. I doubt that will happen.

Probably the FDA will try to shut down 23andme, or only allow them to release the ancestry information and none of the medical information.  But it's a tricky case for the FDA to make.  I don't think the law is completely on their side and 23andme might be able to fight the FDA in courts and win.  We'll just have to wait and see.

Oh, and my results?  That's a personal question! But I will admit that I am 3.1% Neanderthal.  I guess that explains that one quirky trait...

;)

Friday, November 22, 2013

Weekend Reading Nov. 22, 2013

For all my students who are scared of spiders:  Why you need not fear the Brown Recluse.  Remember - spiders keep the number of flies and cockroaches down!  And they are much less likely to carry diseases onto your kitchen countertops.


Think Invertebrate animals are boring?  How about this one - it was born in 1499, before Henry VIII married the first wife!


A look at the process of science from PZ Myers; what non-scientists expect from science compared to what scientists expect.  Let me add that a lot of the science that doesn't seem to lead directly to a cure for cancer or to flying cars turns out to be potentially important for future progress.  You may not care about understanding kinase pathways but it's possible that one day, in the future, our understand will be important for treating genetic disorders (or cancer).  We just can't see it yet.

http://freethoughtblogs.com/pharyngula/2013/11/09/balance/

The Amorphophallus genus of flowering plants takes attracting pollinators to new heights.  Or maybe to new lows...

http://www.realmonstrosities.com/2013/11/giant-misshapen-penises.html

Coldblooded and smart?  Reptiles are more intelligent than you think.

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/19/science/coldblooded-does-not-mean-stupid.html?ref=science&_r=1&

Bonus Funny of the Week.  What if animals were round?  And bounced?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yltlJEdSAHw

Friday, November 15, 2013

Weekend Reading Nov. 15, 2013

Giant Armadillos in South America.  No, this is not a SyFy original.  These are very important "ecosystem engineers."  Now, with lots of great photos!

http://news.mongabay.com/2013/1024-hance-giant-armadillo-burrows.html

Carnivore, Herbivore, Scavenger?  Turns out animals don't read the biology textbook and don't fit into neat and tidy categories.

http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2013/11/08/looking-nature-in-the-mouth/

An excellent article on which alternative medicines work and which ones don't.  tl:dr?  Most of them don't.

http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/alternative-medicines-are-popular-but-do-any-of-them-really-work/2013/11/11/067f9272-004f-11e3-9711-3708310f6f4d_story.html

An interesting overview of tool use.  Unfortunately this article only covers birds and mammals and leaves out tool use in invertebrates (particularly octopus).

http://io9.com/the-mysterious-tool-making-culture-shared-by-crows-and-1460350033

Biology will find a way.  We are polluting our oceans with tons of plastic; some forms of marine life have started creating a new ecosystem by feeding or living on this floating debris.  We are definitely changing life in the oceans (and destroying our fishing industries) but some form of life will survive.  Things will look very different in another 50 or 100 years.

http://nautil.us/issue/7/waste/when-waste-becomes-home?utm_source=feedly

Funny of the week.  Gourmet Himalayan Pink Salt.  Now without any GMOs!  If you don't understand what's funny about that try reading the reviews of this product or bring your questions to lab and I'll be happy to explain just what is GMO and what does ORGANIC mean and why it's so funny when they use these terms to discuss salt!

http://www.amazon.com/Salt-Himalayan-Gourmet-Chemicals-Non-gmo/dp/B007PR93EU/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&qid=1384121001&sr=8-4&keywords=pink+himalayan+salt

Tuesday, November 12, 2013

How a Biologist Handles a Mouse Infestation

Recently, late at night, I woke up to hear a strange sound.

No, it wasn't my husband snoring.  Or the dog.

No, this was the pitter patter of tiny paws.  And gnawing.  And it sounded like it was coming from right over my head.

We have mice.

File:Мышь 2.jpg

Image by George Shulkin via Wikimedia Commons

Now, most houses have mice.  They are capable of getting through openings the size of a dime.  I've been reading on how to mouse proof your home and I have to laugh.  They suggest blocking up all openings 1/4 of an inch or large.  Like I can block up every opening that small in a 70 year old house.  Heck, I'm not sure even new home construction is that tight.

So, what is a biologist to do?

Normally my dog will manage to deal with any mice that get in to our living space.  He spent the first year or so of his life out on the street and he will catch and kill (and often eat) anything he can get his teeth on, including mice when they foolishly come into our backyard or house.

Clearly these mice have learned to stay inside the walls and attic, out of his reach.

Instead, I will double check the "sanitation" of the house.  I'll make sure the dog and cat food bags, and the wild bird seed, are in sealed containers.  I'm be more diligent in taking out the trash when there is food waste.  I'll chide the husband about leaving out the plate from his late night snack, the one with cookie crumbs on it.

Then I'll go buy snap traps.

I'm not big on killing innocent critters trying to survive.  Mice in the yard?  No problem.  But when you come in to my space and interrupt my sleep, possibly bring in fleas and poop outside of the litter box then we have to come to terms.  They also don't listen when I tell them to move back outside.

Why don't I use live traps?  They aren't as humane as you think - you catch the mouse, scare it and then dump it outside in an unfamiliar place.  Chances are that the mouse will be not do well, instead it might starve or freeze to death.  Or even die of fear (which can happen to mice).

Why don't I use glue traps?  Because then I'd have to either kill the animal by hand or leave it stuck to the glue trap to starve to death.  Not nice.

How about poison?  Talk about CRUEL.  Many rodent poisons contain anti-coagulants.  That means they prevent the blood from clotting.  The mouse will bleed to death.  Maybe inside your walls where you can't get to the corpse and have to smell it for days or weeks.  Maybe on your living room rug when your pet cat or dog will eat it and then THEY have been poisoned.  Maybe it will make it outside so your neighbor's dog or cat, or local wildlife will eat it and be poisoned.

I have two places on my property where snakes over winter.  Snakes that would love to snack on a slow moving mouse.  Snakes that normally keep down the number of mice in my yard (and therefore house).  Nope, I don't want to harm predators of mice.

Snap traps and fast.  Death is nearly instantaneous.  And they work.

Wish me (and not the mice) luck.

File:Computer mouse trap.jpg
Photo by Karen Rustad via Wikimedia Commons

Friday, November 8, 2013

Weekend Reading Nov. 8, 2013

If you want to survive this winter READ THIS!!!!

http://www.redwineandapplesauce.com/2013/10/28/setting-the-record-straight-dubunking-all-the-flu-vaccine-myths/

Think Art and Science don't mix (like the polar and the non-polar solvents in an HPLC)?  Don't take my word for it (almost every good scientist I've known has also been an artist, even if only in the privacy of their own home).  Here's famed artist and, in his spare time, science fan, Tim Minchin.

http://www.smh.com.au/comment/science-inspires-so-dont-let-your-art-rule-your-head-20131101-2wrjb.html

It's OK to be Smart about Evolution and Genetics

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhd9c3Td5gg&feature=c4-overview&list=UUH4BNI0-FOK2dMXoFtViWHw

The amazing Glass Katydid - faster than a speeding fly, able to sing at a pitch 3 times higher than the human ear can hear and transparent when young!  You thought human superheros were cool?

http://thesmallermajority.com/2013/11/05/the-amazing-glass-katydid/

Out of sight, out of mind?  Only until it comes back to bite us!

http://seanetters.wordpress.com/2013/11/05/under-the-rug-the-limitations-of-dilution/

Thursday, November 7, 2013

How to Respond to a Dangerous Animal, US edition

On Halloween I gave a quiz to my Biology 102 students that included the question: "what real life animal are you afraid of?"

Only a few of them listed animals that are dangerous to humans living here in the US.  One in particular stands out as the most dangerous animal in the US; the one that causes the most harm and by far the most deaths every year!  He answered "humans."

The majority of answers were spiders and snakes.  In Massachusetts we only have two venomous snakes and one venomous spider.  It turns out to be very easy to avoid being hurt by these.  In fact, it's easy in most places around the world.

Let's start with snakes.

Step 1:  Don't pick up the snake.

Step 2:  See step 1.

In the United States most people who are bitten by snakes are bitten because they are handling them.  They may be trying to "move them someplace safer" or kill them or show off to their buddies after drinking too many beers.  On rare occasions a hiker will step near or on a snake and both of them get startled.  Most snakes can feel the vibrations of your footsteps when you're out walking and will move away from you.

File:Timber Rattlesnake (9064334074).jpg
File:Copperhead 001.jpg
Timber Rattlesnake (above) by Tony Alter

Copperhead (Right) by Ltshears







Neither of these snakes occur in the part of the state where I teach!





Statistics time.  On average six people are killed by venomous snakes in the US each year.  Twenty one people are killed by dogs.  Fifty four by lightning.

Which one are you worried about?



OK, but what about spiders?

There are very few species of venomous spiders in the US - they mostly fall into two groups - the black widows (easy to identify) and the brown recluses (harder to identify, much less common and less dangerous when they do bite).

File:Adult Female Black Widow.jpg
Black Widow by Shenrick91

[I did not post a photo of a brown recluse because when I searched for photos there were several distinct species listed as brown recluse and, not being an arachnologist, I didn't want to post an innocent species' photo by mistake.]

Most spider bite wounds are not caused by spider bites (if you didn't see the spider don't assume spider bite - many types of insects also bite and many bacterial skin infections mimic spider bites).

How do you avoid dangerous spider bites?

Step 1:  Look before you put your hand into that dark space.

Step 2:  Don't pick up the spider.

According to a report in the International Journal of Dermatology, there were a total of 36 deaths from black widow bites between 1965 and 1990.

Umm... That averages out to 1.4 per year.

And we now have an antivenom.  So in the first decade of this century there were zero reported deaths.

And deaths from the Brown Recluse are even less common.

So WHY are you afraid of snakes and spiders?

Friday, November 1, 2013

Weekend Reading November 1, 2013

An EXCELLENT video that goes over some of the common misconceptions (fictoids) of global climate change.

http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/10/28/_10_failed_climate_change_denial_arguments.html

Sorry to disappoint.  Mermaids are not real.  In fact, they couldn't exist!  Here's why...

http://deepseanews.com/2013/10/fishful-thinking-five-reasons-why-mermaids-cant-physically-exist/